Cosmologia Budista

[florin.oltean75]

TARAMURILE PATIMASE (KAMA LOKA)


RAIURILE

The following four worlds are bounded planes each 80,000 yojanas square, which float in the air above the top of Mount Sumeru.

Although all of the worlds inhabited by devas (that is, all the worlds down to the Cāturmahārājikakāyika world and sometimes including the Asuras) are sometimes called "heavens", in the western sense of the word the term best applies to the four worlds listed below:

The heaven of devas "with power over (others') creations" - Parinirmita-vaśavartin or Paranimmita-vasavatti (Tib: gzhan 'phrul dbang byed)

These devas do not create pleasing forms that they desire for themselves, but their desires are fulfilled by the acts of other devas who wish for their favor.

The ruler of this world is called Vaśavartin (Pāli: Vasavatti), who has longer life, greater beauty, more power and happiness and more delightful sense-objects than the other devas of his world.

This world is also the home of the devaputra (being of divine race) called Māra, who endeavors to keep all beings of the Kāmadhātu in the grip of sensual pleasures.

Māra is also sometimes called Vaśavartin, but in general these two dwellers in this world are kept distinct.

The beings of this world are 4,500 feet (1,400 m) tall and live for 9,216,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition).

The height of this world is 1,280 yojanas above the Earth.



The world of devas "delighting in their creations" - Nirmāṇarati or Nimmānaratī (Tib: 'phrul dga' )

The devas of this world are capable of making any appearance to please themselves.

The lord of this world is called Sunirmita (Pāli Sunimmita); his wife is the rebirth of Visākhā, formerly the chief of the upāsikās (female lay devotees) of the Buddha.

The beings of this world are 3,750 feet (1,140 m) tall and live for 2,304,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition).

The height of this world is 640 yojanas above the Earth.



The world of the "joyful" devas - Tuṣita or Tusita (Tib: dga' ldan)

This world is best known for being the world in which a Bodhisattva lives before being reborn in the world of humans.

Until a few thousand years ago, the Bodhisattva of this world was Śvetaketu (Pāli: Setaketu), who was reborn as Siddhārtha, who would become the Buddha Śākyamuni; since then the Bodhisattva has been Nātha (or Nāthadeva) who will be reborn as Ajita and will become the Buddha Maitreya (Pāli Metteyya).

While this Bodhisattva is the foremost of the dwellers in Tuṣita, the ruler of this world is another deva called Santuṣita (Pāli: Santusita).

The beings of this world are 3,000 feet (910 m) tall and live for 576,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition).

The height of this world is 320 yojanas above the Earth.



The "heaven without fighting" - Yāma (Tib: 'thab bral) –because it is the lowest of the heavens to be physically separated from the tumults of the earthly world.

These devas live in the air, free of all difficulties.

Its ruler is the deva Suyāma; according to some, his wife is the rebirth of Sirimā, a courtesan of Rājagṛha in the Buddha's time who was generous to the monks.

The beings of this world are 2,250 feet (690 m) tall and live for 144,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition).

The height of this world is 160 yojanas above the Earth.

[florin.oltean75]

TARAMURILE PATIMASE

Worlds of Sumeru


The world-mountain of Sumeru is an immense, strangely shaped peak which arises in the center of the world, and around which the Sun and Moon revolve.

Its base rests in a vast ocean, and it is surrounded by several rings of lesser mountain ranges and oceans.

The three worlds listed below are all located on or around Sumeru:

• the Trāyastriṃśa devas live on its peak,
• the Cāturmahārājikakāyika devas live on its slopes, and
• the Asuras live in the ocean at its base.

Sumeru and its surrounding oceans and mountains are the home not just of these deities, but also vast assemblies of beings of popular mythology who only rarely intrude on the human world.



The world "of the Thirty-three (devas)" - Trāyastriṃśa or Tāvatiṃsa (Tib: sum cu rtsa gsum pa) –is a wide flat space on the top of Mount Sumeru, filled with the gardens and palaces of the devas.

Its ruler is Śakra devānām indra, "Śakra, lord of the devas".

Besides the eponymous Thirty-three devas, many other devas and supernatural beings dwell here, including the attendants of the devas and many apsarases (nymphs).

The beings of this world are 1,500 feet (460 m) tall and live for 36,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition) or 3/4 of a yojana tall and live for 30,000,000 years (Vibhajyavāda tradition).

The height of this world is 80 yojanas above the Earth.



The world "of the Four Great Kings" - Cāturmahārājikakāyika or Cātummahārājika (Tib: rgyal chen bzhi) –is found on the lower slopes of Mount Sumeru, though some of its inhabitants live in the air around the mountain.

Its rulers are the four Great Kings of the name, Virūḍhaka, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Virūpākṣa, and their leader Vaiśravaṇa.

The devas who guide the Sun and Moon are also considered part of this world, as are the retinues of the four kings, composed of Kumbhāṇḍas (dwarfs), Gandharvas (fairies), Nāgas (dragons) and Yakṣas (goblins).

The beings of this world are 750 feet (230 m) tall and live for 9,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition) or 90,000 years (Vibhajyavāda tradition).

The height of this world is from sea level up to 40 yojanas above the Earth.



The world of the Asuras - Asura (Tib: lha ma yin) –is the space at the foot of Mount Sumeru, much of which is a deep ocean.

It is not the Asuras' original home, but the place they found themselves after they were hurled, drunken, from Trāyastriṃśa where they had formerly lived.

The Asuras are always fighting to regain their lost kingdom on the top of Mount Sumeru, but are unable to break the guard of the Four Great Kings.

The Asuras are divided into many groups, and have no single ruler, but among their leaders are Vemacitrin (Pāli: Vepacitti) and Rāhu.

[florin.oltean75]

TARAMURILE PATIMASE

EARTHLY REALMS

Manuṣyaloka (Tib: mi) – This is the world of humans and human-like beings who live on the surface of the earth.

The mountain-rings that engird Sumeru are surrounded by a vast ocean, which fills most of the world.

The ocean is in turn surrounded by a circular mountain wall called Cakravāḍa (Pāli: Cakkavāḷa) which marks the horizontal limit of the world.

In this ocean there are four continents which are, relatively speaking, small islands in it.

Because of the immenseness of the ocean, they cannot be reached from each other by ordinary sailing vessels, although in the past, when the cakravartin kings ruled, communication between the continents was possible by means of the treasure called the cakraratna (Pāli cakkaratana), which a cakravartin and his retinue could use to fly through the air between the continents.

The four continents are:

Jambudvīpa or Jambudīpa is located in the south and is the dwelling of ordinary human beings.

It is said to be shaped "like a cart", or rather a blunt-nosed triangle with the point facing south.

(This description probably echoes the shape of the coastline of southern India.)

It is 10,000 yojanas in extent (Vibhajyavāda tradition) or has a perimeter of 6,000 yojanas (Sarvāstivāda tradition) to which can be added the southern coast of only 3 ½ yojanas' length.

The continent takes its name from a giant Jambu tree (Syzygium cumini), 100 yojanas tall, which grows in the middle of the continent.

Every continent has one of these giant trees.

All Buddhas appear in Jambudvīpa.

The people here are five to six feet tall and their length of life varies between 80,000 and 10 years.



Pūrvavideha or Pubbavideha is located in the east, and is shaped like a semicircle with the flat side pointing westward (i.e., towards Sumeru).

It is 7,000 yojanas in extent (Vibhajyavāda tradition) or has a perimeter of 6,350 yojanas of which the flat side is 2,000 yojanas long (Sarvāstivāda tradition).

Its tree is the acacia.

The people here are about 12 feet (3.

7 m) tall and they live for 250 years.



Aparagodānīya or Aparagoyāna is located in the west, and is shaped like a circle with a circumference of about 7,500 yojanas (Sarvāstivāda tradition).

The tree of this continent is a giant Kadamba tree.

The human inhabitants of this continent do not live in houses but sleep on the ground.

They are about 24 feet (7.

3 m) tall and they live for 500 years.



Uttarakuru is located in the north, and is shaped like a square.

It has a perimter of 8,000 yojanas, being 2,000 yojanas on each side.

This continent's tree is called a kalpavṛkṣa (Pāli: kapparukkha) or kalpa-tree, because it lasts for the entire kalpa.

The inhabitants of Uttarakuru are said to be extraordinarily wealthy.

They do not need to labor for a living, as their food grows by itself, and they have no private property.

They have cities built in the air.

They are about 48 feet (15 m) tall and live for 1,000 years, and they are under the protection of Vaiśravaṇa.



Tiryagyoni-loka or Tiracchāna-yoni (Tib: dud 'gro) – This world comprises all members of the animal kingdom that are capable of feeling suffering, regardless of size.



Pretaloka or Petaloka (Tib: yi dwags) – The pretas, or "hungry ghosts", are mostly dwellers on earth, though due to their mental state they perceive it very differently from humans.

They live for the most part in desert and waste places.

[florin.oltean75]

IADURILE (Narakas)


Naraka or Niraya (Tib: dmyal ba) is the name given to one of the worlds of greatest suffering, usually translated into English as "hell" or "purgatory".

As with the other realms, a being is born into one of these worlds as a result of his karma, and resides there for a finite length of time until his karma has achieved its full result, after which he will be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of an earlier karma that had not yet ripened.

The mentality of a being in the hells corresponds to states of extreme fear and helpless anguish in humans.

Physically, Naraka is thought of as a series of layers extending below Jambudvīpa into the earth.

There are several schemes for counting these Narakas and enumerating their torments.

One of the more common is that of the Eight Cold Narakas and Eight Hot Narakas.

IADURILE INFOCATE

Sańjīva – the "reviving" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 162*10 10 years long. (10 la puterea a 10-a)
Kālasūtra – the "black thread" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 1296*10 10 years long.
Saṃghāta – the "crushing" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 10,368*10 10 years long.
Raurava – the "screaming" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 82,944*10 10 years long.
Mahāraurava – the "great screaming" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 663,552*10 10 years long.
Tapana – the "heating" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 5,308,416*10 10 years long.
Pratāpana – the "great heating" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 42,467,328*10 10 years long.
Avīci – the "uninterrupted" Naraka. Life in this Naraka is 339,738,624*10 10 years long.


IADURILE INGHETATE

Arbuda – the "blister" Naraka
Nirarbuda – the "burst blister" Naraka
Aṭaṭa – the Naraka of shivering
Hahava – the Naraka of lamentation
Huhuva – the Naraka of chattering teeth
Utpala – the "blue lotus" Naraka
Padma – the "lotus" Naraka
Mahāpadma – the "great lotus" Naraka

Each lifetime in these Narakas is twenty times the length of the one before it.

În prealabil postat de florin.oltean75

TARAMURILE PATIMASE

EARTHLY REALMS

Manuṣyaloka (Tib: mi) – This is the world of humans and human-like beings who live on the surface of the earth.

The mountain-rings that engird Sumeru are surrounded by a vast ocean, which fills most of the world.

The ocean is in turn surrounded by a circular mountain wall called Cakravāḍa (Pāli: Cakkavāḷa) which marks the horizontal limit of the world.

In this ocean there are four continents which are, relatively speaking, small islands in it.

Because of the immenseness of the ocean, they cannot be reached from each other by ordinary sailing vessels, although in the past, when the cakravartin kings ruled, communication between the continents was possible by means of the treasure called the cakraratna (Pāli cakkaratana), which a cakravartin and his retinue could use to fly through the air between the continents.

The four continents are:

Jambudvīpa or Jambudīpa is located in the south and is the dwelling of ordinary human beings.

It is said to be shaped "like a cart", or rather a blunt-nosed triangle with the point facing south.

(This description probably echoes the shape of the coastline of southern India.)

It is 10,000 yojanas in extent (Vibhajyavāda tradition) or has a perimeter of 6,000 yojanas (Sarvāstivāda tradition) to which can be added the southern coast of only 3 ˝ yojanas' length.

The continent takes its name from a giant Jambu tree (Syzygium cumini), 100 yojanas tall, which grows in the middle of the continent.

Every continent has one of these giant trees.

All Buddhas appear in Jambudvīpa.

The people here are five to six feet tall and their length of life varies between 80,000 and 10 years.



Pūrvavideha or Pubbavideha is located in the east, and is shaped like a semicircle with the flat side pointing westward (i.e., towards Sumeru).

It is 7,000 yojanas in extent (Vibhajyavāda tradition) or has a perimeter of 6,350 yojanas of which the flat side is 2,000 yojanas long (Sarvāstivāda tradition).

Its tree is the acacia.

The people here are about 12 feet (3.

7 m) tall and they live for 250 years.



Aparagodānīya or Aparagoyāna is located in the west, and is shaped like a circle with a circumference of about 7,500 yojanas (Sarvāstivāda tradition).

The tree of this continent is a giant Kadamba tree.

The human inhabitants of this continent do not live in houses but sleep on the ground.

They are about 24 feet (7.

3 m) tall and they live for 500 years.



Uttarakuru is located in the north, and is shaped like a square.

It has a perimter of 8,000 yojanas, being 2,000 yojanas on each side.

This continent's tree is called a kalpavṛkṣa (Pāli: kapparukkha) or kalpa-tree, because it lasts for the entire kalpa.

The inhabitants of Uttarakuru are said to be extraordinarily wealthy.

They do not need to labor for a living, as their food grows by itself, and they have no private property.

They have cities built in the air.

They are about 48 feet (15 m) tall and live for 1,000 years, and they are under the protection of Vaiśravaṇa.



Tiryagyoni-loka or Tiracchāna-yoni (Tib: dud 'gro) – This world comprises all members of the animal kingdom that are capable of feeling suffering, regardless of size.



Pretaloka or Petaloka (Tib: yi dwags) – The pretas, or "hungry ghosts", are mostly dwellers on earth, though due to their mental state they perceive it very differently from humans.

They live for the most part in desert and waste places.

Ma intriga un anume aspect: se vorbeste de fiinte care nu sunt din lumea aceasta. E clar ca e vorba de "cei care locuiesc in vazduh"...seamana cu povestirile lui Jonathan Swift...Si este un amestec cu relatari din vremuri mult mai vechi decat biblia, cand subspeciile umane de giganti efectiv locuiau pe planeta...
Ah, dac am lasa balta infatuarea stiintei, am vedea ce bogata e lumea asta in inteligenta, si, mai presus de orice, comuniune cu Viata care vine de la Dumnezeu. In afara de dr... si oameni, sunt o multime de fapturi fericite, tocmai pentru ca nu au rupt comuniunea cu Facatorul, indiferent de motivatie (razvratire malefica in deplina cunostinta de cauza, respectiv prostie infatuata dublata de lacomia "arderii etapelor" in evolutia spirituala).
dincolo de aceste informatii fascinante, sustin ca e cam...greu, chiar imposibil, de gasit punti reconciliator-sincretiste intre cele doua religii, si de fapt nici nu e de dorit.

[catalin2]

În prealabil postat de Theodor_de_Mopsuestia

Ma intriga un anume aspect: se vorbeste de fiinte care nu sunt din lumea aceasta. E clar ca e vorba de "cei care locuiesc in vazduh"...

Sunt spiritele, pe care ei ii considera bune si rele, noi stim ca sunt doar ingeri cazuti, unii se dau buni si unii rai (de aici rezultand magia alba si magia neagra, de fapt ambele fiind tot de la ingerii cazuti).

[ucenic]

În prealabil postat de florin.oltean75

RAIURILE...

Florin, mi-ai adus aminte de Sf.Ap.Pavel si de rapirea lui la al treilea Cer... Personal iubesc descrierea aceea si prefer sa las bucuria si emotia surprizei la vremea hotarata de Domnul.

Nu te supara pe mine, dar Domnul Iisus Hristos nu ne-a facut nici o descriere a acelor locuri ci ne-a spus doar atat: "In casa Tatalui Meu sunt multe locasuri. Daca n-ar fi asa, v-as fi spus. Eu Ma duc sa va pregatesc un loc." (Ioan.14:2)